Understanding the world around us hinges on grasping the fundamental principles of chemical composition. Every compound is composed of individual atoms structured in specific arrangements. These building blocks interact through transformations, producing entirely novel materials. By analyzing these

Nanomaterials have emerged as compelling platforms for a wide range of applications, owing to their unique characteristics. In particular, graphene, with its exceptional electrical conductivity and mechanical strength, has garnered significant interest in the field of material science. However, the